Permanent facial paralysis is a catastrophic event for involved patients. In long lasting paralysis with severe facial muscles atrophy, masseter muscle transfer is a very good choice. But its greatest problem is postoperative elongation of flap and gradual diminishing of early results and loss of symmetry.This article advocate a new modification for resolving this problem with concomitant elevation of mandibular periosteum with masseter muscle, as a unit for lip and midface elevation.

Introduction: The primary aim of facial reanimation surgery is to restore tone, symmetry, and movement to the paralyzed face. Hypoglossal-facial end-to-side anastomosis provides satisfactory facial reanimation in the irreversible proximal injury of the facial nerve. This study discussed the facial function results of end-to-side anastomosing of hypoglossal nerve to facial nerve when the injury occurred during skull base surgery. Materials and Methods: The present study enrolled a total of 10 patients who underwent end-to-side hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis after facial nerve paralysis due to skull base surgery. The data of the patients were gathered from hospital records, pictures, and movies during the 18 months of follow-up. Results: At the 18 months of follow-up, seven (70%) and three (30%) patients were reported with grades III and IV of the House-Brackmann scoring system, respectively. In total, out of the seven grade III patients, six subjects underwent early anastomosis (within the first year of the paralysis). On the other hand, among patients with grade IV, two subjects had late anastomosis. Conclusion: It seems that early end-to-side hypoglossal-facial anastomosis can be a favorable surgical option with good facial function results for reanimating the facial function of patients with facial paralysis following skull base surgery.

Background: Peripheral nerve injures are common in clinical practice that includes from compression injury to complete disruption of nerve trunk. After injury nerves can grow and repair spontaneously, early end to end anastomosis is first choice for repair but only 50% of nerve fiber would be physiologically accurate and effective, thus several techniques for repair of nerve injury are introduced including combination of nerve transplant with silicon tubes, use of biologic and synthetic tubes for nerve conduit.Materials and Methods: In this Exprimental study, 20 rats with the same weight were selected and kept in the same condition. The left sciatic nerve of them was cut and were divided in two groups. In the first group the facial flap method for repair of nerve injury was used. In the second group vein conduit method was used as standard method. Histological nerve repair was assessed after 45 days and the intact right sciatic nerve was used as control.Results: Repair of nerve injury in proximal, mid and distal portion of nerve in facial flap method was more effective than vein conduit (P<0.05). Repair of nerve injury in proximal, mid and distal portion had no difference compared with control group (p>0.05) Conclusion: Repair of nerve injury with facial flap method is more effective than standard method and can be used as a new method for nerve repair.

Background: Facial schwannoma is a rare tumor arising from any part of the nerve. Probable symptoms are partial or facial weakness, hearing loss, visible mass in the ear, otorrhea, loss of taste, rarely pain, and sometimes without any symptoms. Patients should undergo a complete neurotologic history, examination with documentation of facial and auditory function, specially C.T. scan or M.R.I. Surgery is the only treatment option although the decision of when to remove facial schwannoma in the presence of normal facial function is difficult. Case: A 19-year-old girl with all above symptoms in the right side except loss of taste is diagnosed having facial schwannoma with full examination, audiometric, and radiological tests. She underwent surgery. In follow-up facial function were mostly restored. Conclusion: The need for careful assessment of patients with Bell's palsy cannot be veremphasized. In spite of the negative results if still there is any suspicion, total facial nerve exploration is necessary.

Facial nerve palsy (FNP) changes facial expression and leads to functional problems in facial movement and negative psychological effect on patients. Fortunately, some of FNP problems recover completely, but some others remain with some sequelae like asymmetry, muscle contracture, synkinesis, and hyperkinesias that need rehabilitation. This article aimed to investigate physiotherapy modalities on these sequelae. Generally, exercise therapy in the form of neuromuscular reeducation was effective when the sequelae of FNP are analyzed. Then, we could select the type of exercise therapy according to that signs and sequelae (symptom). No acceptable researches about physiotherapy modalities like electrical nerve stimulation have been reported. Therefore, using electrical stimulation is not advised. Biofeedback therapy has been approved to be suitable.

The historical fabrics of cities are among the invaluable places that show the old culture, history and architecture science of urban society. In other words, they show the social character and identity of the city. Region number 12 in Tehran is located in a historical core which there exists: Golestan palace, Abgineh, Tambr, Sekkeh, Sabaa, Islamic Consultative Assembly, national arts and etc. and also because of the emergence of some problems such as exhaustion, weakness in mending and inconsistency in management, the reanimation, development and maintaining projects face complex difficulties, regardless of high cultural, economic and valuable tourism potentials. So this article attempts to assess the different managerial, somatic, cultural and economic dimensions using a descriptive-analytical method so that with its results, strategies of reanimation, development and maintaining the historical fabrics could be executed more. The results show that the weakness in cooperation of respective organizations (integrated management) and lack of appropriate mending agendas are among the most important factors in the emergence of fundamental challenges in this region.

Facial expressions are the most powerful and direct means of presenting human emotions and feelings and offer a window into a persons’ state of mind. In recent years, the study of facial expression and recognition has gained prominence; as industry and services are keen on expanding on the potential advantages of facial recognition technology. As machine vision and artificial intelligence advances, facial recognition has become more accessible and is now a key technique to be employed and used in creating more natural man-machine interactions, Computer vision, and health care. In this paper, we empirically evaluate facial representation based on statistical local features, Local Binary Patterns, for person-independent facial expression recognition. Different machine learning methods are systematically examined on several databases. Extensive experiments illustrate that LBP features are effective and efficient for facial expression recognition. In this paper, we proposed a face expression detection method based on the difference of a face expression and the allocated special pattern to each expression. The analysis of the image detection system locally and through a sliding window (sliding) at multiple scales, are estimated. Multiple scales are extracted aslocally binary features. Through using the change point between windows, points of face are getting a directional movement. Through using points movement of whole facial expressions and rating system that is created the superfluous points are eliminated. The classifications are taken based on the nearest neighbor. To sum up this paper, the proposed algorithms are tested on Cohn-Kanade data set and the results showed the best performance and reliability into other algorithms. We investigated LBP features for the facial skin structural changes, which is seldom addressed in the existing literature.